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13.2 Ribosomes And Protein Synthesis Assessment Answers

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    Other larger structures can readily be seen, manipulated, measured, and weighed. Gross anatomy is the study of the larger structures of the body, those visible without the aid of magnification and will be a major focus of this lab component of this...

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    In contrast, systemic anatomy is the study of the structures that make up a discrete body system—that is, a group of structures that work together to perform a unique body function. For example, a systemic anatomical study of the muscular...

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    Physiologists may work from the organ level exploring, for example, what different parts of the brain do to the molecular level such as exploring how an electrochemical signal travels along nerves. For example, the thin flap of your eyelid can snap down to clear away dust particles and almost instantaneously slide back up to allow you to see again. At the microscopic level, the arrangement and function of the nerves and muscles that serve the eyelid allow for its quick action and retreat. At an even smaller level of analysis, the function of these nerves and muscles likewise relies on the interactions of specific molecules and ions. Your study of anatomy and physiology will make more sense if you relate the form of the structures you are studying to their function. In fact, it can be somewhat frustrating to attempt to study anatomy without an understanding of the physiology that a body structure supports.

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    Imagine, for example, trying to appreciate the unique arrangement of the bones of the human hand if you had no conception of the function of the hand. Fortunately, your understanding of how the human hand manipulates tools—from pens to cell phones—helps you appreciate the unique alignment of the thumb in opposition to the four fingers, making your hand a structure that allows you to pinch and grasp objects and type text messages. Human physiology can vary either within one individual or between different individuals due to differences in things like their genetic make-up, age, sex, and the environment.

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    Textbooks and plastic models show common presentations of structures of the human body but there is more variation in human anatomy than you would likely imagine. Variation in structure can include the modification of an existing common structure, the complete absence of a common structure, or presence of an uncommon structure. A few select examples include: Palmaris longus — A muscle of the forearm that is one of the most variable muscles in the body. The palmaris longus can vary in number ; absent in an estimated Dextrocardia — The heart is oriented to the right side of the body instead of the most common presentation where the apex is pointed to the left. This is sometimes accompanied by the transposition of other organs ex: liver with little or no functional effect on the individual. Parathyroid gland — Parathyroid glands vary both in location can be found on or near the thyroid gland, trachea, and esophagus and number Most sources describe four parathyroid glands found on the posterior surface on the thyroid gland which likely occurs less than half of the time.

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    Vertebral column — The most common description of the number of vertebrae in each section of the vertebral column is: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 4 coccygeal vertebrae. Structural Organization of the Human Body Figure. Subatomic particles protons, neutrons, and electrons combine to form atoms. Familiar examples of atoms include hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, and iron.

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    Two or more atoms combine to form a molecule, which includes things like water molecules, proteins, and sugars found in living things. Molecules are the chemical building blocks of all body structures. A cell is the smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism which can include independentlyliving single cell organisms like bacteria. All living structures within the human body contain cells, and almost all functions of human physiology are performed in cells or are initiated by cells. A human cell typically consists of flexible membranes that enclose cytoplasm, a water-based cellular fluid together with a variety of tiny functioning units called organelles.

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    A tissue is a group of multiple similar cells these cells can either be of the same cell type or can consist of a few related cell types that work together to perform a specific function. An organ is an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types that performs one or more specific functions. An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform major functions to meet physiological needs of the body.

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    Throughout this course we will cover a subset of the organ systems found in the human body: the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems. Language of Anatomy Anatomists and health care providers use terminology to precisely talk about the anatomy of the human body that can seem overwhelming at first. The purpose of this language is not to confuse, but rather to increase precision, efficiency, and to reduce medical errors. Or is it at the base of the hand? Is it on the palm-side or back-side? By using precise anatomical terminology, including anatomical position, regional terms, directional terms, body planes, and body cavities, we can eliminate ambiguity and increase precision. Anatomical terms are made up of roots, prefixes, and suffixes. The root of a term often refers to an organ, tissue, or condition, whereas the prefix or suffix often describes the root.

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    Anatomical Position Anatomists have standardized the position of the body when it is referenced using descriptive terms to increase precision in language. The upper limbs are held out to each side, and the palms of the hands face forward see Figures 1. Using this standard position helps reduce confusion and increase precision while describing parts of the human body.

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    It does not matter how the body being described is oriented ex: a doctor describing their patient who is sitting on an exam table , the terms are used as if that person is in anatomical position. A body that is lying down is described as either prone or supine. Prone describes a face-down orientation, and supine describes a face up orientation. These terms are sometimes used in describing the position of the body during specific physical examinations or surgical procedures and you may hear the terms used to describe the position of the cadavers used in this course. While you are not expected to learn these terms at this point in the course you will not find them in the Module 1 Need to Know , you will see these terms throughout the semester as they often form the basis for many of the structures you will learn later. The human body is shown in anatomical position in an a anterior view and a b posterior view.

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    The regions of the body are labeled in boldface. Directional Terms A set of specific directional anatomical terms appear throughout this and most other anatomy textbooks Figure 1. These terms are essential for describing the relative locations of different body structures. Learning these terms now is critical to avoid confusion when you are studying or describing the locations of particular body parts in this course and in any future study of the human body.

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    Anterior or ventral - Describes the front or direction toward the front of the body. For example, the toes are found on the anterior portion of the foot. Posterior or dorsal - Describes the back or direction toward the back of the body. For example, the spinal column is posterior to the sternum. Superior or cranial - Describes a position above or higher than another part of the body. For example, the eyes are superior to the mouth. Superior and cranial can often be used interchangeably though cranial is used to specifically refer to a structure near or toward the head.

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    In quadrupeds the terms sometimes cannot be used interchangeably. Inferior or caudal - Describes a position below or lower than another part of the body. For example, the pelvis is inferior to the abdomen. Inferior and caudal can often be used interchangeably though caudal is used to specifically refer to a structure near or toward the tail in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column. Lateral - Describes the side or direction toward the side of the body. For example, the thumb is lateral to the other digits. Medial - Describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body. For example, the big toe is the most medial toe. Proximal - Describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body.

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    For example, the upper arm is proximal to the wrist. Distal - Describes a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body. For example, the foot is distal to the thigh. Superficial - Describes a position closer to the surface of the body. For example, the skin is superficial to the bones. Deep - Describes a position farther from the surface of the body. For example, the brain is deep to the skull. Contralateral - Describes structures found on opposite sides of the body right vs. For example, the right foot is contralateral to the left arm. Ipsilateral - Describes structures found on the same side of the body. For example, the right hand and right shoulder are ipsilateral. Paired directional terms are shown as applied to the human body in anatomical position.

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    Body sections and scans can be correctly interpreted, however, only if the viewer understands the plane along which the section was made. A plane is an imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body. There are three planes commonly referred to in anatomy and medicine Figure 1.

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    R A Figure 1. Figure 1. Each cell shows a centrally placed nucleus, which is typical of animal cells. The cells are part of a tissue known as squamous flattened epithelium. Many green chloroplasts are visible inside each cell. Cell walls are also clearly visible animal cells lack cell walls. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication. We are working with Cambridge Assessment International Education towards endorsement of these titles. Chromatin is a mass of coiled threads. The threads are seen to collect together to form chromosomes during nuclear division Chapter 5, Section 5.

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    Chromatin contains DNA deoxyribonucleic acid , the molecule which contains the instructions genes that control the activities of the cell Chapter 6. Inside the nucleus an even more deeply staining area is visible, the nucleolus. This is made of loops of DNA from several chromosomes. The number of nucleoli is variable, one to five being common in mammals. One of the main functions of nucleoli is to make ribosomes. It is also useful to have a term for all the living material outside the nucleus; it is called cytoplasm. Using a light microscope, many small structures can be seen within it. An organelle can be defined as a functionally and structurally distinct part of a cell. Organelles are often, but not always, surrounded by one or two membranes so that their activities can be separated from the surrounding cytoplasm. Organising cell activities in separate compartments is essential for a structure as complex as an animal or plant cell to work efficiently. Mitochondria are only just visible using a light microscope.

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    Videos of living cells, taken with the aid of a light microscope, have shown that mitochondria can move about, change shape and divide. They are specialised to carry out aerobic respiration. Golgi apparatus The use of special stains containing silver resulted in the Golgi apparatus being discovered in by Camillo Golgi. The Golgi apparatus Note: you do not need to learn this structure. It is sometimes called the Golgi body or Golgi complex. Plant cells also differ from animal cells in possessing cell walls, large permanent vacuoles and chloroplasts. Centrioles Under the light microscope the centriole appears as a small structure close to the nucleus Figure 1. Centrioles are discussed later in this chapter. Cell walls and plasmodesmata With a light microscope, individual plant cells are more easily seen than animal cells.

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    This is because they are usually larger and, unlike animal cells, are surrounded by a cell wall. The wall is relatively rigid because it contains fibres of cellulose, a polysaccharide which strengthens the wall. The cell wall gives the cell a definite shape. It prevents the cell from bursting when water enters by osmosis, allowing large pressures to develop inside the cell Chapter 4, Section 4. Cell walls may be reinforced with extra cellulose or with a hard material called lignin for extra strength Chapter 7.

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    Cell walls are freely permeable, allowing free movement of molecules and ions through to the cell surface membrane. KEY WORDS plasmodesma plural: plasmodesmata : a pore-like structure found in plant cell walls; plasmodesmata of neighbouring plant cells line up to form tube-like pores through the cell walls, allowing the controlled passage of materials from one cell to the other; the pores contain ER and are lined with the cell surface membrane FT Plant cells are linked ot neighbouring cells by means of pores containing fine strands of cytoplasm.

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    These structures are called plasmodesmata singular: plasmodesma. They are lined with the cell surface membrane. Movement through the pores is thought to be controlled by the structure of the pores. They are relatively large organelles and so are easily seen with a light microscope. These are the parts of the chloroplast that contain chlorophyll, the green pigment which absorbs light during the process of photosynthesis. Chloroplasts are discussed further in Chapter 13 Section Vacuoles vacuole: an organelle found in eukaryotic cells; a large, permanent central vacuole is a typical feature of plant cells, where it has a variety of functions, including storage of biochemicals such as salts, sugars and waste products; temporary vacuoles, such as phagocytic vacuoles also known as phagocytic vesicles , may form in animal cells D R A Vacuoles are sac-like structures which are surrounded by a single membrane.

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    Although animal cells may possess small vacuoles such as phagocytic vacuoles Chapter 4, Section 4. The plant vacuole is surrounded by a membrane, the tonoplast, which controls exchange between the vacuole and the cytoplasm. The fluid in the vacuole is a solution of pigments, enzymes, sugars and other organic compounds including some waste products , mineral salts, oxygen and carbon dioxide. In plants, vacuoles help to regulate the osmotic properties of cells the flow of water inwards and outwards as well as having a wide range of other functions. For example, the pigments which colour the petals of certain flowers and the parts of some vegetables, such as the red pigment of beetroots, may be found in vacuoles.

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    Y Plant cells are often larger than animal cells, although cell size varies enormously. Do not confuse the cell wall with the cell surface membrane. Cell walls are relatively thick and physically strong, whereas cell surface membranes are very thin. Cell walls are freely permeable, whereas cell surface membranes are partially permeable. All cells have a cell surface membrane, but animal cells do not have a cell wall. Vacuoles are not confined to plant cells; animal cells may have small vacuoles, such as phagocytic vacuoles, although these are not usually permanent structures. The advantage of cutting sections is that they are thin enough to allow light to pass through the section. Light passing through the section produces an image which can then be magnified using the objective and eyepiece lenses of the microscope. A dilute solution of methylene blue can be used to stain animal cells such as cheek cells.

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    A Viewing specimens yourself with a microscope will help you to understand and remember structures. Your understanding can be reinforced by making a pencil drawing on good quality plain paper. Remember always to draw what you see, and not what you think you should see. R Biological material may be examined live or in a preserved state. Prepared slides contain material that has been killed and preserved in a life-like condition. D Temporary slides are quicker and easier to prepare and are often used to examine fresh material containing living cells. In both cases the sections are typically stained before being mounted on the glass slide. Temporary preparations of fresh material are useful for quick preliminary investigations. Sometimes macerated chopped up material can be used, as when examining the structure of wood xylem. A number of temporary stains are commonly used. For example, iodine in potassium iodide solution is useful for plant specimens.

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    It stains starch blue- Procedure Place the biological specimen on a clean glass slide and add one or two drops of stain. Carefully lower a cover over the specimen to protect the microscope lens and to help prevent the specimen from drying out. Adding a drop of glycerine and mixing it with the stain can also help prevent drying out. Practical Activity 7. Read the relevant sections of Practical Activity 7. Figures 1. Note that it is acceptable to draw only a representative portion of the cell contents of Figure 1.

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    Answers dna biology and technology 13 2 Answers Dna Biology And Technology 13 2 might not make exciting reading, but Answers Dna Biology And Technology 13 2 comes complete with valuable specification, instructions, information and warnings. We have got basic to find a instructions with no digging. And also by the ability to access our manual online or by storing it on your desktop This guided reading and review worksheet allows students to go over the section they just learned and answer questions right from the reading. BioTech 13 Terms. Watson and Crick are credited with finally piecing together all the information previously gathered on the molecule of DNA.

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    They established the structure as a double helix - like a ladder that is twisted. Studies of Genetics and Biotechnology are sometimes only taught in schools in a very basic way. For example, many people have the impression that the human genome is a machine. This is a false belief. What is the most logical sequence of steps for splicing foreign DNA into a plasmid and inserting the plasmid into bacterium? I Transform bacteria with recombinant DNA molecule. During this lab you will learn about both DNA isolation along with gel electrophoresis and how they relate to biotechnology. The complete process of recombinant DNA technology includes multiple steps, maintained in a specific sequence to generate the desired product. Isolation of Genetic Material. Here it is. It was from reliable on line source and that we love it.

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    The building blocks of nucleic acids are nucleotides. Nucleotides that compose DNA are called deoxyribonucleotides. The three components of a deoxyribonucleotide are a five-carbon sugar called deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base, a nitrogen-containing ring structure that is responsible for complementary base pairing between nucleic acid strands Figure ANSWER The restriction enzyme is cutting the DNA into fragments. In Figure , why are the bands in B moving toward the positive end of the gel? Explain your answer. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Start studying section Total DNA in each cell nucleus of an organism. Bacterial protein that cuts DNA into fragments. This is the currently selected item. Gel electrophoresis. Hybridization microarray Expressing cloned genes. Southern blot. DNA sequencing. Biology News ScienceDaily. Part 2 Protein Synthesis Exercise. Include all parts of the DNA molecule. You do not need to draw your molecule with atomic accuracy.

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    The answers are provided for reference. These might be beneficial for the competitive examinations as well. Biotechnology is a wide field of Biology that involves living systems and organisms to make new products beneficial for mankind. It has applications in various sectors such as medicine and agriculture. Summarize the process of translation. Describe the central dogma of molecular biology.

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    Ask any biology question and an expert will answer it in as little as 30 minutes. Jul 10, Biology is a wondrous science that inspires us to discover more about the world around us. While science may not have the answers to every question, some biology questions are answerable. Have you ever wondered why DNA is twisted or why some sounds make your skin crawl?

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    Discover answers to these and other intriguing biology questions. Textbook Authors Miller, Kenneth R. Levine, Joseph S. Then, new bases are added to each side until two identical sequences result. The replication of DNA involves many proteins that form a machinelike complex of moving parts. In prokaryotic cells, replication starts at a single site. Biology and Biotech videos Answers Dna technology worksheet answer key. Dna technology can be used to cure diseases treat genetic disorders improve food crops etc. To produce genetically engineered bacteria that make a human protein which of the following steps does a scientist have to take first. Genetic markers are used for. Since no 2 people are identical except for. Hacker, F. Wurm, in Comprehensive Biotechnology Second Edition , Recombinant technology broadly refers to the molecular cloning of foreign DNA into bacterial extrachromosomal DNA elements i. The big ideas in BIOLOGY provide students with a basic knowledge of living organisms and the interaction of these organisms with the natural world.

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    Key topics include the chemistry of life, the cell, genetics, plant and animal structure and function, ecology and human biology. The procedure in which DNA is pulled outextracted from cells is called Spooling 2. Size and Charge 4. Recombinant-DNA technology can change the genetic composition of living organisms. Plasmids are circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and yeasts they are widely. DNA and proteins are key molecules of the cell nucleus.

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    One gene makes one protein. A gene is made of DNA. Bacteria and viruses have DNA too. The DNA molecule is shaped like a twisted ladder. A half DNA ladder is a template for copying the whole. DNA words are three letters long. DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule arranged into a double-helix, its structure first described by James Watson and Francis Crick in Biology MCQs for Class 12 with Answers Chapter 11 The DNA Identification Act, b 3 , specifies the access requirements for the DNA samples and records maintained by federal, state, and local criminal justice agencies or the Secretary New DNA testing in a Houston murder case has led to the exoneration of one man after nine years behind bars and the arrest of another. Lydell Grant, 43, was found guilty of stabbing year-old Aaron Scheerhoorn to death in the vicinity of a nightclub on the sworn testimony of multiple witnesses, according to reports.

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