Civil Service Exam Ancient China Definition

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• [GET] Civil Service Exam Ancient China Definition

  By the late Tang period, the title of Presented Scholar became a prerequisite for the appointment into higher offices. It did away with the ancient prerequisite of grand families to have their sons automatically appointed to respectable offices....

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• [FREE] Civil Service Exam Ancient China Definition | new!

  The examiner brought up on theme dealt with in the Classics, and the examinee had to quote literally from the original text, yet without commenting on or explaining it. This examination consisted of up to one hundred questions. Whoever passed the...

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• The Confucian Classics & The Civil Service Examinations

  The control of the influential families over careers had not ceased. Song Period The Song dynasty did away with some critical shortcomings of the examination system of the Tang period. All those wishing to become a state official had to undergo the jinshi examination. The participants in the latter were not many, and the jinshi examination became the common gateway in the pursuit of career. The metropolitan examination was organized by the Ministry of Rites and the Department of State Affairs.

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• Civil Service

  The date was not fix, but the examination took place in Spring, and also lasted three days. Graduates were then sent to participate in the palace examination. In order to prevent interference into the examination results, it was from on not allowed that examiners hailed from the prefecture where they supervised an examination. The examinees had to use stationery and paper provided by the examiners, all stamped with an official seal. They were placed in individual cells according to their number in a public list of examinees, and marked with their names.

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• Imperial Examinations (Keju)

  They erased any information about the candidate that was written on the paper, and instead gave the set a registrated number. In this way, the examiners would impossibly find out who had written what text, and could not give an edge to any candidate. Participants in the examinations were called candidates or examinees juren.

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• Civil Service

  Once listed as successful graduates, they lost this title and were called jinshi, or with that of their office. The names of graduates of the metropolitan examination were recorded and belonged to the archival documents of the dynasty. Of course, they also had an important place in the family registers of the graduates. The only requirement for participation was education. The number of participants in the palace examination had increased ten times in comparison with the Tang period, not least because the officialdom had also become much larger since. Theoretically, social rise was possible for everyone, and not just members of eminent families. The social status of graduates was at least as high as that of uneducated magnates and rich merchants.

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• DK History: Imperial China

  The Song court also tried everything to prevent the emergence of court factions consisting of examiners and fellow graduates. The tendency to ensure objectivity in a system selecting the best was clearly charted during the Song period. It was an excellent tool to test the abilities of candidates to respond to practical matters of administration and policy. Yet because the range of questions was quite limited, the cewen examination fell into oblivion during the Song period even if it was then and when revived. The examination in poetry was thus given up after the Southern Song period. In the early years of the dynasty, there were but a dozen of participants, but later on, more than a hundred candidates underwent the metropolitan examination, which took place every three years.

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• Chinese Civil Service

  It was not allowed for Kitans to participate in an examination, but from about on there were also cases of Kitans choosing this way for career. From on the annual quota of examinees was more than persons, in some years even more than The Mongols deliberated for a long time on the introduction of an examination system, but the first one was carried out as late as , with a cycle of three years. The metropolitan examination was held one year later then the provincial ones to allow the candidates to prepare. The quota was persons, with 25 per social group. The palace examination followed one month after the metropolitan one. The candidates for it were enrolled on two lists, with Mongols and Semuren on the "left", and the two classes of Chinese on the "right" one. All graduates were eligible for official posts. This was quite novel in contrast to the Song period.

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• Tang Dynasty

  Mongols and Semuren were obliged to read and write Chinese, but their questions were easier than those for Chinese. The social status of jinshi graduates was, nevertheless, not as high as before. A year later, the frequency was fixed at once every three years, but in the system was again abolished because the emperor preferred a system of recommendation. The examinations were revived ten years later, and in the final shape was fixed.

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• Ancient Chinese Civil Service Facts For Kids

  This became custom, leading to the fact that the largest number of careers began in the Hanlin Academy. Ninety per cent of all Counsellors-in-chief had passed the Academy. Like before, the examination was organized in the three-step mode, beginning with the provincial examinations xiangshi , proceeding to the metropolitan examination huishi and ending with the palace examination tingshi.

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• Civil Service Exam

  The provincial examinations were held in the capital of each province. In the early Ming period, only the examiners of the two capital cities were dispatched from the Hanlin Academy. The quota of the provincial examinations was only fixed in , but later changed over time. In the two metropolitan provinces, for instance, it was about persons, in other provinces less than The metropolitan examination was held always a year later than the provincial ones. In case of an extraordinary exam, the metropolitan step was also taken "by grace", a year later. From on there was also an addenda list for participants. The common examiners were in the beginning 8 persons, later 17, and finally Twelve of them hailed from the Hanlin Academy, and 4 from various sections in the Ministry of Rites. The quota of graduates was fixed at in not including those of exams by grace. The participants were arranged according to their place of origin. The southern gate had a quota of graduates, the northern one of , and the central one of The palace examination was held on the 1st day later the 15th of the the third lunar month, just after the spring examination.

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• Imperial Examination

  From on the following regulations were issued: In the first session, an archer had to shoot from horseback at a distance of 35 paces. The provincial military exam was held in the same years as the civilian one. The exact dates of the sessions of the provincial and metropolitan examinations were the 9th, the 12th, and the 15th day of the respective month.

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• Civil-service Sentence Example

  In , the quota of the metropolitan military exam was fixed at graduates. The first event took place in Yet in practice, candidates studied for themselves, and did not attend classes any more. Schools thus became just an annex to the examination system, instead of providing widespread education. Qing Period Immediately after their conquest of Beijing, the Qing dynasty introduced the examination system. It was based on the pattern used during the Ming period, with minor changes. The quota for graduates was 10 persons in prefectures of larger provinces, and 5 for smaller ones.

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• 2,000 Years Of Examinations In China

  Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U. Kallie Szczepanski Updated June 11, For more than 1, years, anyone who wanted a government job in imperial China had to pass a very difficult test first. This system ensured that the government officials who served in the imperial court were learned and intelligent men, rather than just political supporters of the current emperor, or relatives of previous officials.

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• The Chinese Imperial Examination System

  Meritocracy The civil service exam system in imperial China was a system of testing designed to select the most studious and learned candidates for appointment as bureaucrats in the Chinese government. This system governed who would join the bureaucracy between CE and , making it the world's longest-lasting meritocracy. The scholar-bureaucrats mainly studied the writings of Confucius , the sixth-century BCE sage who wrote extensively on governance, and of his disciples. During the exams, each candidate had to demonstrate a thorough, word-for-word knowledge of the Four Books and Five Classics of ancient China.

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• Civil Service | Medicoguia.com

  These works included among others the Analects of Confucius; Great Learning, a Confucian text with commentary by Zeng Zi; Doctrine of the Mean , by Confucius's grandson; and Mencius, which is a collection of that sage's conversations with various kings. In theory, the imperial examination system insured that government officers would be chosen based on their merit, rather than on their family connections or wealth. A peasant's son could, if he studied hard enough, pass the exam and become an important high scholar-official. In practice, a young man from a poor family would need a wealthy sponsor if he wanted freedom from work in the fields, as well as access to the tutors and books necessary to successfully pass the rigorous exams. However, just the possibility that a peasant boy could become a high official was very unusual in the world at that time.

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• History In China

  The Exam The examination itself lasted between 24 and 72 hours. The details varied throughout the centuries, but generally, the candidates were locked into small cells with a board for a desk and bucket for a toilet. Within the allotted time, they had to write six or eight essays in which they explained ideas from the classics, and used those ideas to solve problems in government. Examinees brought their own food and water into the room. Many also tried to smuggle in notes, so they would be thoroughly searched before entering the cells.

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• Chinese Examination System | Infoplease

  If a candidate died during the exam, the test officials would roll his body in a mat and throw it over the test compound wall, rather than allowing relatives to come into the examination zone to claim it. Candidates took local exams, and those who passed could sit for the regional round. The very best and brightest from each region then went on to the national exam, where often only eight or ten percent passed to become imperial officials. The reigning Empress Wu Zetian of Tang particularly relied on the imperial examination system for recruiting officials. Although the system was designed to ensure that government officials were learned men, it grew corrupt and outdated by the time of the Ming - and Qing - Dynasties. Men with connections to one of the court factions - either the scholar-gentry or the eunuchs - could sometimes bribe the examiners for a passing score.

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• Civil-service-exam-ancient-china-definition

  During some periods, they skipped the exam entirely and got their positions through pure nepotism. In addition, by the nineteenth century, the system of knowledge had begun to seriously break down. In the face of European imperialism, Chinese scholar-officials looked to their traditions for solutions. However, some two thousand years after his death, Confucius did not always have an answer for modern problems such as the sudden encroachment of foreign powers on the Middle Kingdom. The imperial examination system was abolished in , and the Last Emperor Puyi abdicated the throne seven years later.

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• CHINESE SCHOLAR-OFFICIALS AND THE IMPERIAL CHINESE BUREAUCRACY

  The exam system contained the seeds of corruption, and corruption did occur, in spite of elaborate preventive measures. In one scheme in the midth century, code words allowed examiners to identify favored candidates, whose poor papers could be then replaced with promising ones. The offending examiners were caught and beheaded, and the cheating candidates lost all the qualifications previously gained. Some candidates armed themselves with miniature copies of the Confucian classics.

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• The Chinese Imperial Examination System

  One candidate even wore an undershirt covered with some , Hanzi the Confucian Five Classics and Four Books with commentaries fig. Preparation for the exams was protracted and arduous. It is said to have begun with pre-natal conditioning: A pregnant woman wishing for a gifted son would sit erect; would avoid clashing colors and strange food; and would hear poetry and the classics read aloud. Boys age 3 began learning characters at home, and began the study of the classics at school at age 8. By age 15, boys learned and memorized the Confucian classics, in preparation for the exams. They also practised writing poems and eight-legged essays, and calligraphy. From ancient times, many poems were composed on the theme, "If you study while young, you will get ahead. Competition at the exams was fierce, and became more so with the passage of time.

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• Ancient Chinese Civil Service Facts For Kids | Savvy Leo

  In the Tang dynasty , the average candidate for higher level exams was in his mid's, but in the Song dynasty he was in his mid's. Many candidates tried repeatedly, some eventually succeeding at the exams in their 50's. There is a story about the old age of a successful candidate. In the Song dynasty, at a palace exam the emperor noticed among the new jinshi a white-haired old man, who turned out to be 73 years old and single. The emperor in sympathy gave him a beautiful palace lady as wife. Some of the wits of the day quickly made fun of him, "The groom telling the bride his age: Fifty years ago, twenty three.

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• Civil-service-exam-ancient-china-definition .. | Info | Abou

  To become an official was the most lucrative as well as honorable thing to do in imperial China. The lowest degree holders, shengyuan, became gentry and literati, who wore distinct attire and enjoyed exemption from labor service and corporal punishment. Some holders of the highest degree jinshi obtained official positions, and some continued to study in the Hanlin Academy. A few years of officeholding enabled a scholar to make enough money from salary, perquisites, and perhaps graft, to repay the costs incurred in obtaining the position, and still to retain a surplus to invest in land and in his children's education. The exams were in theory open to people from all socio-economic backgrounds except the "degraded classes," and some candidates were indeed from families with no record of civil-service status. But only a small minority, sons of elite families, could afford the time and money to study for the exams.

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• What Does Civil Service Examination Mean?

  And some men were allowed to inherit or purchase official posts, bypassing the exams. Women were barred by law from taking the exams, with the following exceptions. During the mid-7th and early 8th centuries the female ruler and emperor Wu Zetian allowed women to obtain highest degrees, jinshi, at the civil service exam if they were successful at poetry exams. The leader of this band, Hong Xiuquan, failed the lowest-level exam four times. No wonder he became a rebel!

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